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《菩提田》

 

BODHI FIELD

科學與性靈(續)
Science and Spirituality (continued)

馬丁‧維荷文博士 講於1997年11月加州柏克萊世界宗教研究院
A talk by Martin Verhoeven Ph.D. at the Institute of World Religions Berkeley Buddhist Monastery November 1997
黃山山 中譯 Chinese translation by Huang Shanshan

孟子認為這種知識高於物質知識;莊子說:「守善其德,修善其靜,能知萬物,能了諸性。」我們又重新回到禪定上面來了。道家說「靜」,是指因修行一種由「悲與喜、樂與怒、貪得之欲」而生的「無我」,從而放出的力量(德)。因此莊子說:「遊心於淡,而天下治矣。」

即使是孔子在〈大學〉裡,也將「致知」與「正心」、「修身」相互聯繫起來。假如我對印度哲學的瞭解正確的話,他們也要求知識必須建立在堅固的道德基礎上。有一點我要說明一下,這樣輕易地將佛教與科學聯繫起來,我認為是必須重新檢討過的。佛教與科學兩者之間固然存在著令人興奮的相應之點,但也存在著明顯的相異之處。如果我們忽略了這些相異之處,那我們就太對不起自己了。

我們用心理學家所說的「選擇性的知覺」。通過選擇性的知覺,我們下意識的、有選擇性的知與覺,我們注意、我們接受,並認同佛教中與我們日常生活能體會得到或出入不大的道理;其餘的出入太大的,則斷然排斥。這也是美國一種霸權文化在它顛峰時代的產物,很是一種「勝則王」的文化,所以我們美國人便以「我們的思維方式,我們的認知方法,是最完美的。」這種想法深深自許。所以當佛教與印度教和其他一些新事物傳入美國時,我們便這裡摘一點,那裡取一點,以我們的喜好而加以拼湊,去強化我們已有的世界觀,而將不要的都扔到一邊,口裡說:「這些都是迷信;那些都是〈天方夜譚〉;另外那些很虛偽,要它幹什麼?我們要的是從科學上,或從哲學上,都講得通,說得透的東西。」

佛教內容豐富具多樣性傳統,有的易為我們接受,有的我們不易容納;但我擔心的是那些被丟棄的東西,就好像「給嬰兒倒棄洗澡水時,連嬰兒一起倒掉」一樣。我們錯失這樣一個機會--讓它們進來挑戰我們,以新的方法給我們注入新血,來豐富我們關於人與自然(自然)、人與人(社會)、人與自己(心理)之間的適當關係的對話內容。如果全盤接納佛教,它能給我們極深奧,極不同的認識,但不要急於迅速地將佛教美國化。每次我聽到別人說:「佛教不就像蘋果餡餅一樣地十足美國味嗎?」我都悚然而驚。不是的。佛教不是像蘋果餡餅那樣美國味,根本不是那麼一回事。

待續


Mencius considered this knowledge superior to material knowledge. Zhuang Zi, the famous Taoist philosopher, spoke of acquiring the knowledge of the "ten thousand things"–which means everything, all of nature–through virtuous conduct and by practicing "stillness." By "stillness" the Taoists meant a kind of power (de) released through cultivating a selfless equanimity free from grief and joy, delight and anger, and desire and greed for gain. Thus, the Zhuang Zi states: "To a mind that is still, the whole universe surrenders."

Even Confucius, in his famous passage concerning the highest learning (da xue), connects utmost knowledge of the universe to the cultivation of one's own person and the rectification of one's mind and moral qualities. If I correctly understand Vedanta, the philosophical teaching of Hinduism, it too emphasizes that jnana (knowledge) requires a solid basis in ethics (dharma). The point I want to make is that I think we need to reexamine this facile linking of Buddhism to modern science. Fascinating correspondences exist, but there are also distinct and important differences. I think we sell ourselves short when we disregard those differences.

We engage in what psychologists call "selective perception," the unwitting seeing and selecting of only what we want to see. Thus, we can all too easily notice and embrace, only those elements of Buddhism that seem consonant with our way of life, and give short thrift to the rest. This psychological tendency is even further enhanced by cultural hubris: the fact that America is in its heyday, and as a triumphalist society feels that our way of knowing, our way of thinking, is the best. Therefore, when something new comes along, like Buddhism, we selectively garner out those elements that reinforce our world view as it exists, and disregard the rest, saying, "Well, it's superstitious; it's mythological; it's apocryphal, we don't need it. We want something that is philosophically and scientifically sound."

Buddhism is a very rich and varied tradition. It contains many elements–some easily appreciated rationally; others that challenge our preconceived notions. But if we get rid of those unfamiliar elements, I am afraid we may be throwing out the baby with the bath water. We miss the opportunity to let Buddhism challenge us and revitalize us in perhaps a new way. For Buddhism has a great deal to add to our understanding of the three basic dimensions of existence: humanity with nature (the natural), people with people (the social), and the individual with him/herself (the psychological). Buddhism offers profound and in some cases, radically different insights into these areas, if we let it. I shudder a little when I hear people say, "Well, Buddhism is just as American as apple pie." No, it is not as American as apple pie. In significant ways it is quite different. Tapping the rich potential of that difference, it seems to me, lies in resisting the urge to quickly Americanize it.

To be continued

孟都仙諾郡
主任室

LOW GAP路 501號 1090室
加州瑜伽市 郵區號 95482

萬佛城節慶計劃委員會
主席閣下:

謝謝您慷慨邀請我參加第八屆敬老節慶祝會。這是非常有意義的日子,我過了美好的一天。我深感榮幸受邀在這一天和大家一道認同老人家們的貢獻。對於我們必需恢復尊敬老人的風氣,及將敬老的價值深植於我們心內的觀點,我深感贊同。

我也很喜歡孩子們的表演。他們出色的表演,讓與會老少都充滿了喜悅之情。

再次感謝邀請我參加這次特別的慶祝會。

第一區主任
邁克•德拔敬上
1999年10月28日

 

COUNTY OF MENDOCINO
BOARD OF SUPERVISORS

501 LOW GAP ROAD, ROOM 1090
UKIAH, CALIFORNIA 95482

October 28, 1999

Celebration planning Committee
The City of Ten Thousand Buddhas
Talmage, CA 95481

Dear Chairman:

Thank you for the generous invitation to the 8th annual Honoring Elders Day celebration. It was a very meaningful day and I had a wonderful time. I felt very honored to have been asked to share with you this day of recognition for our elders. I cannot agree more with the message that we must return to the time when there was much respect for our elders and the value that this respect and honor instills upon us all.

I must also comment on how I enjoyed the great performances by the students. These talented youth provided wonderful entertainment for the elders and younger attendees alike.

Thank you again for asking me to be a part of this special event.

Sincerely,
Michael M. Delbar
First District Supervisor

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